EDUCATIONIST

  CURRICULUM DEVELOPMENT IN  PAKISTAN: CURRICULUM: “A planned, intentional, gradual, and systematic process is described as curriculum development when it is used to make changes for the better in the educational system. The school curricula are impacted whenever changes or advancements take place in the globe.” A system of education that had been created to produce literate labour to support the colonial rulers at lower levels of governmental and economic administration was passed down to Pakistan. Only the privileged few were intended to benefit from education; the masses were intended to be governed rather than served. The emphasis was mostly on the arts in order to build an effective class of administration generalists. There was little professional and scientific education. when America gained independence. With only a few educational institutions, 90% of Pakistan's population was illiterate. There were just two of the 21 universities in unbroken India that were located i...

LEARNING THEORIES: Although theories about education didn't start in earnest until the early 20th century, Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle were among the first Greek philosophers to express interest in how people learn. They investigated whether knowledge and truth might be discovered either internally (rationalism) or by observation of the outside world (empiricism). Psychologists started using empirical research to provide an answer to this query in the 19th century. The intention was to design teaching strategies in line with an objective understanding of how individuals learn. The conflict between behaviorist theory and cognitive psychology was a topic of discussion among educational theorists in the 20th century. Learning theory explains how information is received, processed, and retained by students while they are learning. Understanding, or a person's world perspective, can be learned or altered, and knowledge and skills can be preserved, depending on cognitive, emotiona...

  Foundation of S cience E ducation : The value of science is acknowledged on a global scale. From first grade through primary school, it is now a required topic in Pakistani educational institutions. It is a thorough resource book that would meet the demands of aspiring instructors. In this regard, the chapters/units according to university course outlines have been included separately, and it is hoped that this will aid B.Ed students in terms of knowledge and insight as well as a better preparation for exams. This subject would be beneficial for B. Ed. students as well as aspiring instructors in Pakistan at any level. Islamic foundation of Science Education: The majority of the discussion about Islam and science in the Muslim world today centers on scientific interpretations of the Quran that assert that the texts contain predictions about the nature of the universe, biological development, and other phenomena that have since been verified by science, proving the Qur'an's div...

Critical Thinking and Reflective Practice: CRITICAL THINKING: The process of actively and successfully conceiving, applying, analysing, synthesising, and evaluating knowledge as a basis for belief and action is known as critical thinking. It requires intellectual discipline. Critical thinking may be broken down into two main categories, according Scriven & Paul: "1) a set of information and belief generating and processing skills, and 2) the habit, based on intellectual commitment, of employing those skills to guide behaviour." A person who has developed their ability to think critically is one who: • poses important questions and problems. • gathers and evaluates pertinent information to arrive at well-reasoned conclusions and solutions; • reflects open-mindedly within alternative systems of thought; and • effectively elaborates their own conclusions. CRITICAL THEORY IN EDUCATION Critical Theory in Education is a branch of sociology that focuses on how political ideologi...